Analysis of First To Fight Essays -- Book Review, Military History

First To Fight begins with Krulak engaged in a talk with a Gunnery Sergeant who was asked how the Marine Corps got the reputation of having one of the worlds greatest fighting formations. The GySgt replies Well lieutenant they started telling everybody how great they were and fairly soon they started believing it. The story goes on to talk about how there nearly wasnt a Marine Corps.starts out with Marine Lieutenant usual Holland M. Smith on the bridge of the command ship Mt. Olympus, off Iwo Jima on the morning of 23 February 1945 with Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal who said that the breeding of our flag atop Mt. Suribachi means there will be an Marine Corps for the next five hundred years. Smith commented When the war is over and coin is short they will be after the Marines again, and a dozen Iwo Jimas would make no difference. The resolute general was voicing the frustrations of the many generations of Marines before strive him who had learned through hard experience that fighting for the right to fight often presented greater challenges than fighting their countrys enemies. The Marines survival struggles during their first coke and a half were mere skirmishes compared with what was to commence following the Second World War. Even as America was still trying to see through the dummy of Pearl Harbor, there were problems which were seen that were far more serious. A carefully designed plan which, if implemented, would destroy the Marine Corps as a fighting force. The position was set according to Krulak by three events. In early October 1942 Krulak was a member of a team of four Marine officers assigned to the Armys 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii to conduct instruction for the divisi... ...states there are three powerful external factors that cloud the Marines horizon. The first cosmos the oppressive influence of threat. That threat is rooted in the attitudes or aspirations of the Army, the Navy, or various chief executi ves. Its nature has varied-threat to the Corpss repute, to its right to fight, to its very survival. Secondly, the recurrent military affliction called austerity. At worst, they linger in active service and are a hazard to all around them. The third is the dead hand of bureaucracy that lies over the entire military establishment. While the larger services may be able to handle the pressures of bureaucracy, the Marine Corps has neither the brain nor the time for it. The Marines are an assemblage of warriors, nothing more. Paper massaging and computer competitions do not kill the enemy, which is what the Marines are supposed to do.

From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays

From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this trade was matte up across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a red-hot effect of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nonentity could presage what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything fr om the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, independence of association, and the remotion of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the gold and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are prerequisite to follow through a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries stand out a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. sparing and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also mad e progress in consolidating their change to democracy. A transit from Communism to Democracy means much freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more than predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to on the loose(p) democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author Valentin Antoci (ed_valentinehotmail.com) February 1999Reproduction of the Text without the authors permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law. From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government government activity EssaysFrom Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The f ormer republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discrimina tory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author Valentin Antoci (ed_valentinehotmail.com) February 1999Reproduction of the Text without the authors permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law.

Essay --

It is essential that human cloning is outlawed. It is salacious to perform, research, and promote these experiments on human subjects it is neglectful, and shrewd to make the movement of this objective technology legal, let alone obtainable. Not only is human cloning hazardous and illogical, but morally incorrect and greatly dishonorable. The most dismay thought referring to human cloning is that it has the power to alter the foundation, that we as a nation, atomic number 18 assembled upon. What occurs after we take things too far and lose control? What happens when we are no more satisfied in simply seeking education of the physical universe? We exit cross the line between natural and synthetic. What will differentiate God from man? Do we have the authorization to change the evolution of life? Science has proven that we can reproduce humans both naturally and unnaturally, but that does not mean that mean we should stop questioning whether or not we should scientifically reproduc e humans. Cloning should be abolished for multiple reasons. wizard reason being its insufficiency and high failure r...

Music - Bonos Path Towards Spiritual Enlightenment Essay -- Explorato

Bonos Path Towards Spiritual EnlightenmentWhile most celebrities keep their apparitional beliefs private, the music of the Irish rock group U2, with lyrics written by lead singer Bono, contains many religious references and ideas. A closer analysis of the song lyrics shows an phylogeny of the religious ideas contained within. The changing and development of these ideas corresponds to many psychological and sociological theories of organized religion evolution, including those of Alfred Adler and James Fowler. Adlerian theory posits that Our ideas about God are important indicators of how we view the world. harmonise to Adler these ideas have changed over time, as our vision of the worldand our place in ithas changed (Nielson). There are two kinds of changes that may occur those that advance the faith, and those that incite precariousness or stagnation, as reported by Paul Fritz. Fritz, a minister, incorporated the ideas of sociologist Jean Merton into his theory of faith evolutio n. Fowler, in Stages of Faith The Psychology of Human study and the Quest for Meaning, states that faith evolves as individuals move through life, changing at each stage the way they make sense of existence. Commenting on Fowlers theory, John Testerman writes, The stages of faith whoremaster be thought of as the different lenses through which we view the world as we journey through life. A careful study of Bonos lyrics can show what kind of weird glasses he wears at that stage of his life, and how his outlook on the world shapes the portrayal of his beliefs.While the evolution of faith and spiritual beliefs may be divided into stages, a person may be in between stages at any time, exhibiting the characteristics of more than one stage. In Fritzs model, a b... ...Cambridge Bible. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997.Fowler, James W. Stages of Faith the Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning. Harper San Francisco, 1995.Fritz, Paul. Home page. 10 Mar, 2002. 8 Stages of Faith. .Nielsen, Michael. Home page. 3 Nov. 2003. Psychology of Religion Pages. .The Stages of Faith. The daybook of Religion and Society. Home page. 1 Nov. 2002. . 2 Nov. 2002. Testerman, John. Home page. Mar. 1995. The Stages of Faith. .U2. Achtung, Baby. Island, 1991.U2. All That You Cant Leave Behind. Island, 2000.U2. The Joshua Tree. Island, 1987.U2. October. Island, 1982. U2. POP. Island, 1997. U2. War. Island, 1980.

The Microsoft Antitrust Case Essay -- essays research papers fc

The case against Microsoft was brought secure the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as several state Attorneys General. Microsoft is criminate of using and maintaining monopoly billet to gain an unfair advantage in the market. The case has been under observation for a long time, but the Justice department is having bicker coming up with substantial evidence against Microsoft. Specifically, the Department must proveThat Microsoft has monopoly power and is using it to gain unfair leverage in the market.And that Microsoft has maintained this monopoly power through "exclusionary" or "predatory" acts(Rule).Some say that Microsoft is solely taking advantage of its position in the market and using innovative marketing strategies to attract radical customers. They have chosen to implement a market development strategy to attract new customers who are looking for a system that has earnings capability. Microsoft feels that by integrating their Internet Explorer web bro wser technology into Windows, they are only improving its overall functionality available to the customer. Microsoft began expanding into the browser area because of increasing nemesis from Netscape and Java. Java is the programming language used to make Netscape. Programs that are written in Java pot work on any PC, whether it has Windows on it or not. That is why there is a great threat to the Windows environment. The more Netscape is used, the more other vendors result begin writing Netscape compliant programs and the more Java will be used, which puts a damper on Windows. So Windows introduced their Internet explorer to combat the increasing Netscape usage. It did not do this to create a monopoly, but to cherish itself. If people realize that Java programs can be run on ANY PC, then they will realize that they do not need to buy Windows. Some say that Microsoft began its "illegal" agenda when it began requiring PC manufacturers to sign a license agreement that said th at if they were going to have Windows preinstalled on their new systems, that the Windows Internet Explorer must also be installed. Although it is possible for consumers to install other browsers onto Windows and use them, critics say that Microsoft still has an unfair advantage. It also keeps other browser companies from cosmos able to consult with PC manufacturers to put their browser on the PC from the beginn... ...nies, server companies, and just about any other company that has something to do with a computer. Microsoft knows that it has the dominant operating system on the market right now and every software company, ISP, etc, wants to be part of it. If they are not, then they are in all likelihood to go under. The more and more companies that join Microsoft, the more and more Microsofts monopoly power will grow. Pretty soon, Microsoft will own 100% of the market not only in browsers, but I believe in many other areas, such as software production and distribution and even w hat kind of computer, its hardware, etc, that can run Windows. I do not believe that Microsofts monopoly agenda solely contains their "browser war", but that it extends to a much higher scale. Works CitedWeb Sites<a href="http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/microsoft.htmCase Resources">http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/microsoft.htmCase Resources<a href="http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/sherman.txt">http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/sherman.txt<a href="http//www.cnn.com/US/9805/18/federal.complaint/">http//www.cnn.com/US/9805/18/federal.complaint/

The Microsoft Antitrust Case Essay -- essays research papers fc

The case against Microsoft was brought buy the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as several state Attorneys General. Microsoft is accused of using and maintaining monopoly office to gain an unfair advantage in the market. The case has been under observation for a long time, nevertheless the Justice department is having trouble coming up with substantial evidence against Microsoft. Specifically, the Department must(prenominal) proveThat Microsoft has monopoly power and is using it to gain unfair leverage in the market.And that Microsoft has maintained this monopoly power through "exclusionary" or "predatory" acts(Rule).Some maintain that Microsoft is only taking advantage of its position in the market and using innovative marketing strategies to attract new customers. They have elect to implement a market development strategy to attract new customers who are looking for a system that has internet capability. Microsoft feels that by integrating their Internet Ex plorer web browser technology into Windows, they are only improving its overall functionality available to the customer. Microsoft began expanding into the browser area because of increasing threat from Netscape and Java. Java is the programme language used to make Netscape. Programs that are written in Java can work on any PC, whether it has Windows on it or not. That is why in that location is a great threat to the Windows environment. The much Netscape is used, the more other vendors will begin writing Netscape compliant programs and the more Java will be used, which puts a damper on Windows. So Windows introduced their Internet explorer to combat the increasing Netscape usage. It did not do this to create a monopoly, but to protect itself. If people construct that Java programs can be run on ANY PC, then they will realize that they do not need to buy Windows. Some say that Microsoft began its "illegal" agenda when it began requiring PC manufacturers to sign a license agreement that said that if they were going to have Windows preinstalled on their new systems, that the Windows Internet Explorer must also be installed. Although it is possible for consumers to install other browsers onto Windows and use them, critics say that Microsoft still has an unfair advantage. It also keeps other browser companies from being able to weigh with PC manufacturers to put their browser on the PC from the beginn... ...nies, server companies, and just about any other company that has something to do with a computer. Microsoft knows that it has the dominant operating(a) system on the market right now and every software company, ISP, etc, wants to be part of it. If they are not, then they are likely to go under. The more and more companies that join Microsoft, the more and more Microsofts monopoly power will grow. Pretty soon, Microsoft will own 100% of the market not only in browsers, but I believe in many other areas, such as software production and distribution and even what kind of computer, its hardware, etc, that can run Windows. I do not believe that Microsofts monopoly agenda solely contains their "browser war", but that it extends to a much higher scale. Works CitedWeb Sites<a href="http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/microsoft.htm field of study Resources">http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/microsoft.htmCase Resources<a href="http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/sherman.txt">http//www.mindspring.com/dmataconis/sherman.txt<a href="http//www.cnn.com/US/9805/18/federal.complaint/">http//www.cnn.com/US/9805/18/federal.complaint/

Moral Relativism Essay

good relativism is the view that honorable judgments are true or false only relative to about particular standstill for instance, that of a refining or a historical period, and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all opposites. It has often been associated with other claims about object lessonity notably, the thesis that opposite cultures often exhibit radi ringy different righteous values the denial that there are universal chaste values shared by every human community and the insistence that we should refrain from passing moral judgments on beliefs and practices characteristic of cultures other than our feature.Historical emphasizeEven though moral relativism did not become a prominent topic in philosophy or elsewhere until the twentieth century, it has ancient origins. In the classical Greek world, both the historian Herodotus and the sophist Protagoras appeared to endorse or so form of relativism the latter attracted the attention of Plato in the Theaetet us. It should also be noted that the ancient Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi (read as Chuang-Tzu) put forward a non-objectivist view that is sometimes interpreted as a kind of relativism.Among the ancient Greek philosophers, almost wad consider the compositions of Plato but I will explain about the ideas of historian Herodotus, because I found his arguments to be interesting and what we call thinking out of the box. The historian Herodotus arranges the story of how the Persian king Darius asked some Greeks at his court if there was each price for which they would be willing to eat their dead fathers bodies the way the Callatiae did. The Greeks said nothing could induce them to do this. Darius then asked some Callatiae who were present if they would ever consider burning their fathers bodies, as was the custom among Greeks. The Callatiae were horrified at the suggestion. Herodotus sees this story as vindicating the poet Pindars dictum that custom is lord of all throngs beliefs and practices are shaped by custom, and they typically assume that their own ways are the best.Herodotus anecdote is not an isolated moment of reflection on cultural diversity and the conventional basis for morality. In the early days, moral relativism was a concern of philosophy only but in modern times it began to shift into the concern of anthropology, and there was a need for somewhat a link or common ground between these two. An important early bridge from anthropology to philosophy was established by Edward Westermarck, a social scientist who wrote anthropological and philosophic works defending forms of observational as well as meta-ethical moral relativism.He also ranks as one of the first to formulate a detailed theory of moral relativism. In the modern era the main push for such a position came from cultural anthropology. Anthropologists were fascinated with the diversity of cultures, and they produced detailed empirical studies of them. Early on anthropologists accepted t he assumption of European or Western superiority. only this was challenged by the ideas of Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Melville J. Herskovits, and Margaret Mead all of which clearly expressed important forms of moral relativism in the twentieth century.The various views of Moral RelativismDefining moral relativism is difficult because different fields and also writers use the term in slightly different ways in particular, supporters and antagonists of relativism often diverge considerably in their characterization of it. Therefore, it is important to first distinguish between some of the positions that ache been identified or closely associated with moral relativism before setting out a definition that captures the main idea its adherents seek to put forward.a.Descriptive Moral RelativismDescriptive moral relativism is a theory about cultural diversity. It holds that, as a matter of fact, moral beliefs and practices vary between cultures and sometimes between groups within a single society. For instance, some societies condemn homosexuality, others accept it in some cultures a student who corrects a teacher would be thought disrespectful elsewhere such behavior baron be encouraged. This particular view of moral relativism suggests that there are many different moral standards for moral judgments and we should just accept this differences. It denies that there are any moral universals, norms or values that every human culture accepts. None the less descriptive moral relativism only explains about the difference that exists, it does not tell us how we should base our judgments on these differences and does not necessarily support the tolerance of all behavior in light of such disagreement.b.Meta-ethical Moral RelativismMeta-ethical moral relativism holds that moral judgments are not true or false in any absolute sense, but only relative to particular standpoints. This theory first states that people disagree about moral issues and it also adds that terms such as good, bad, right and wrong do not stand as universal truth, alternatively they are relative to the traditions, convictions, or practices of an individual or a group of people. Some meta-ethical moral relativists focus more on the justification of moral judgments preferably than on their truth. They focus on how the moral judgments are made and to what cause. For example, most people would agree that lying in court to avoid a okay is wrong, while lying to a madman to protect his intended victim is justified. Saying that the truth of a moral claim is relative to some standpoint should not be confused with the idea that it is relative to the situation in which it is made.c.Normative Moral RelativismNormative moral relativism is the view that it is wrong to judge or deputize with the moral beliefs and practices of cultures that operate with a different moral framework to ones own, that what goes on in a society should only be judged by the norms of that society. The motive behind it is to avoid arrogance and promote tolerance. Normative moral relativists can also argue that judging other cultures is misguided since there are no trans-cultural criteria to which one can refer in order to justify ones judgment. Normative moral relativism is mostly considered as an additional idea to that of meta-ethical relativism.However, what makes this view standout on its own is its stances on tolerance. Let us see these statements we think it is moral to tolerate behavior and other people think fanaticism of certain behaviors is moral. Philosopher Russell Blackford says, We need not adopt a quietism about moral traditions that cause hardship and suffering. Nor need we passively accept the moral norms of our own various(prenominal) societies, to the extent that they are ineffective or counterproductive or simply unnecessary. So harmonise to normative moral relativists it is perfectly reasonable for a soulfulness or group to defend their subjective values against others, even if there is no universal instruction on morality and we can also criticize other cultures for failing to follow even their own goals effectively.Pros and Cons of Moral RelativismOne of the main advantaged of moral relativism is giving response to the perceived problems with moral objectivism. Moral objectivism is a concept advocating the necessity of a universal or some common standpoint for view and evaluating all moral issues, since this non-existent, according to moral objectivism there would have been a major blockade. Never the less thanks to moral relativism which states such standpoint is not necessary, because each situation or moral issue is judged according to its own context.The other clear benefit of moral relativism is that it promotes tolerance. As you all know the world has a never ending conflict of ideas, though most of this are simple ones which can be dealt with a little compromise, some are quite serious which there is simply no way for agreement. These on es call for a more developed and acceptable solution that is tolerance. If it wasnt for tolerance quarrel, fights, dispute and even war would be a day-to-day scene.Unfortunately alike all human spawned ideas, moral relativism is not without flows. Moral relativist exaggerate cultural diversity this is mostly directed against descriptive moral relativism. Every human culture has some sort of moral code, and these overlap to a considerable extent. There is a common core of shared values such as trustworthiness, friendship, and courage, on with certain prohibitions, such as those against murder or incest. Some version of the golden ruletreat others as you would have them treat youis also encountered in almost every society. The existence of these universal values is easy to explain as they enable societies to flourish, and their absence would jeopardize a societys chances of survival.Moral relativism undermines the possibility of a society being self-critical. Based on the definition of moral relativism we must judge every action in reference to its context. But if the rightness or wrongness of actions, practices, or institutions can only be judged by reference to the norms of the culture in which they are found, then how can members of that society criticize those norms on moral grounds? This dilemma make moral relativism a main means of bias for self-criticism as a result, resistance to change. terminusTo sum up moral relativism should be taken as a useful tool although it has many criticisms. I think it is a purely beneficial idea, and the criticisms come from extremists who take each and every proposition to its furthest practicality to make seem faulty. If we were able to overlook this small defects it is my strong belief, we would finally end the unyielding lasting quest for an all-encompassing and universally justifiable standard for evaluating moral issues.

A unique Training Program at UPS

Mark Colvard, a United Parcel Manager in San Ramon, California, recently faced a difficult end. One of his drivers asked for 2 calendar week off to help an ailing family member.But company rules said this driver wasnt eligible. If Colvard went by the book, the driver would probably take the days off anyway and be fired. On the other hand, Colvard chose to give the driver the time off. Although he took some heat for the decision, he also kept a valuable employee.Had Colvard been faced with this decision 6 months earlier, he says he would have gone the other way. What changed his thinking was a month he spent living in McAllen, Texas. It was part of a UPS management training experience called the Community Internship Program (CIP). During his month in McAllen, Colvard built housing for the poor, collected clothing for the Salvation Army, and worked in a drug rehab Center.Colvard gives the program credit for helping him empathize with employees facing crises back home. And he says th at CIP has made him a better manager. My goal was to make the numbers, and in some cases that meant not looking at the individual but looking at the bottom line. After that one month stay, I Immediately started reaching out to peck in a different way.CIP was established by UPS in the late 1960s to help open the eyes of the companys predominantly face cloth managers to the poverty and inequality in many cities. Today, the program takes 50 of the companys most promising executives each summer and brings them to cities around the country.There they deal with a variety of problems from transportation to housing, education, and health care. The companys goal is to awaken these managers to the challenges that many of their employees face, bridging the cultural divide that separates a white manager from an African American driver or an upper-income suburbanite from a worker raised in the rural South.1. Do you think individuals can learn empathy from something equal a 1-month CIP experie nce? apologise why or why not.2. How could UPSs CIP help the organization better manage work life conflicts?3. How could UPSs CIP help the Organization improve its result to diversity?4. What negatives, if any can you envision resulting from CIP?5. UPS has 2,400 managers. CIP includes only 50 each year. How can the program make a difference if it include only 2 percent of all managers? Does this suggest that the program is more public relations than management training?6. How can UPS justify the cost of a program like CIP if competitors like FedEx, DHL, and the U.S. Postal Service dont offer such programs? Does the program increase costs or reduce UPS profits?

Financial Maths

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS 1. number OF RETURN 2. wide-eyed pursuance 3. COMPOUND INTEREST 4. MULTIPLE CASH FLOWS 5. ANNUITIES 6. LOAN repayment SCHEDULES fiscal math retain Materials pageboy 1 of 85 (1) RATE OF RETURN FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS CONCERNS THE ANALYSIS OF CASH FLOWS BETWEEN PARTIES TO A CONTRACT. IF bullion IS BORROWED THERE IS AN INTIAL CASH INFLOW TO THE BORROWER BUT AFTERWARDS THERE WILL BE A CASH OUTFLOW IN THE FORM OF REPAYMENTS. A soul borrows $ c and promises to repay the lender $60 after 1 year and $60 after 2 historic cessation. indicate the resulting notes flows for the borrower and lender. pecuniary math give Materials scalawag 2 of 85 Time Now 1 End of 2 years Borrower 0 End of 1 year Lender 2 $ ascorbic acid is loaned out $120 is sired back The extra $20 is the lenders compensation for foregoing current consumption to obtain future consumption. The lender requires compensation for fiscal mathematics obtain Materials knave 3 of 85 THE TIME comfort OF MONEY CONSIDER A CHOICE OF ? $100 like a shot, OR ? $100 by and by ANY RATIONAL PERSON WOULD CHOOSE $100 NOW BUT WHY? MONEY HAS A TIME pass judgment Financial Math dungeon Materials pageboy 4 of 85 Time honor of Money (TVM) ? Refers to the difference between ? The concept enables ? Provides the means for valuing multiple cash lows that occur at polar times The level of use up sets is the index used to determine prevailing TVM. provoke rates are determined by the level of For both type of financing transaction there is potentially a different elicit rate. engross rates are distinguished by the nature of the fundamental transaction and focus on three characteristics ? ? ? Financial Math Support Materials foliate 5 of 85 An classical aspect of valuation is applying the appropriate please rate. For example, valuing a fixed-rate loan to a highly speculative company development a g everyplacenment bond rate is inappropriate an congealment must be made reflecting he relative creditworthiness of the borrower. While different TVMs may exist for every borrower and lender, it is the Most financial math formulae are a form of look look upon calculation that is, these formulae identify the future cash flows of a financial instrument and then calculate the value at which these instruments could be exchanged for cash today. Financial Math Support Materials rogue 6 of 85 RATE OF RETURN imagine I purchase a watch for $200 and make do it a year later for $250. What is the dollar blow over and rate of return of this transaction? Financial Math Support Materials Page 7 of 85 please Interest a fee for borrowing money about as old as civilisation itself Prime rate the evoke charged to the largest and well-nigh secure corporations. Interest is a cost to business, hence it is very important to understand how it is calculated and how it impacts on the business. There are two basic types of relate Simple Interest and Compound Interest Simple Interest Compound Interest Financial Math Support Materials Page 8 of 85 (2) guileless INTEREST When a financial institution paraphrases an pastime rate for a loan it can do so in different ways. For example, a quote 10% p. a. simple interest has different cash flows than a quote of 10% p. . compound interest account payable every quarter. If the quote is offered as a SIMPLE INTEREST RATE, then the rate is taken as a proportion of the initial loan amount. eg 12% p. a. (SIMPLE), is equivalent to 1% per month, or 3% per quarter, or 6% semi-annually. * NOTE The quoted rate is often referred to as the titular rate. Financial Math Support Materials Page 9 of 85 SIMPLE INTEREST Suppose we lend $300 and quote a simple interest rate of 8% p. a. What will be the interest and repayment if the loan is made over (a) six months, (b) one year, (c) three years. (a) 8% p. a. = Interest = Repayment = (b) Interest = Repayment = (c) 8% p. a. =Interest = Repayment = Financial Math Support Materials Page 10 of 85 Symbolically Interest amount = I = P i t P principal (or amount borrowed = PV) i rate of interest as a percentage t time is the number of years, or fraction of a year, for which the loan is made The simple interest (I) charged on a loan of $800 for 2. 5 years at 8. 5% is I = Pit = Simple interest is usually associated with short-term loans, that is, less than 12 months. In the formula time (t) is expressed in years, or fraction of a year. Example $800 for 9 months at 8. 5% is I= Financial Math Support Materials Page 11 of 85 Example $800 for 88 long time at 8. % is I = Pit At the end of the stop consonant the amount repaid is FV = PV(1 + t i) Where t re give ins the fraction of a year during which the money is borrowed. Financial Math Support Materials Page 12 of 85 SIMPLE INTEREST In general, the amount repayable, or Future jimmy (FV) of a loan quoted as simple interest is given by ? ? ? ? f ? i? FV ? PV 1 ? 365 ? ? ? ? ? ? Where FV is the future value (amount repay able) PV is the present value (Principle) f is the number of eld i is the annual simple interest rate PV = EQUIVALENTLY, Financial Math Support Materials FV ?f? 1+ ? ?i ? 365 ? Page 13 of 85 SIMPLE INTEREST Question 4(a) from 2001, second semester final exam) Leanne buys a watch for $80 and sells it a month later for $85. What titular annual interest rate of return does she assoil? calculate of return in one month = annual nominal rate = Financial Math Support Materials Page 14 of 85 Principal unknown A borrower can pay an interest amount of $120 at the end of 6 months. If the current interest rate for personal loans is 9% what is the maximum that can be borrowed, that is, what is PV? ? f ? i I ? PV ? ? ? 365 ? I PV ? ?f? ? ?i ? 365 ? business line Financial Math Support Materials Page 15 of 85 Interest rate unknown A loan of $18,000 for 8 months had an nterest charge of $888. What was the annual rate of interest rate? ? f ? i I ? PV ? ? ? 365 ? I i? ?f? ? ? PV ? 365 ? Fina ncial Math Support Materials Page 16 of 85 Rayleens birthday was on the 14th August last year. On this date she received a gift of $4,800 from her family which she placed in an interest earning account at a nominal rate of 5. 75% per annum. If she withdraws all funds in the account on the 8th April this year, how much will she receive? How much interest is earned? August September October November December January February March April 17 30 31 30 31 31 29 31 8 wide-cut number of old age = 237 ? ? f FV ?PV ? 1 ? ? ?i ? ? ? 365 ? ? FV = I= Financial Math Support Materials Page 17 of 85 Barns & Co Ltd. currently has a non tradable bank note with a face value of $500,000 that will mature in 85 days. Barns & Co has negotiated with its lender to obtain a loan using the note as security. The lender requires an establishment fee of $440 and charges simple interest of 9% pa. How much will Barns & Co receive, and what is the total cost of the funds? ? ? f FV ? PV ? 1 ? ? ?i ? ? ? 365 ? ? e nt ? Establishm ? FV PV ? ? f? ? fee ? ? 1? ? ?i ? 365 ? Cost of funds Cost in simple interest terms Financial Math Support Materials $500,000 $489,295. 68 = $10,704. 32 = Page 18 of 85 A bill with a face value of $500,000 and term to maturity of 180 days is sold at a yield of 8% p. a. What are the proceeds of the sale? Proceeds = PV ? PV ? FV ?f? 1? ? ?i ? 365 ? $500,000 ? 180 ? 1? ? ? 0. 08 ? 365 ? PV ? $481, 022. 67 Calculate the useful annualised return for a $100,000 investing which earned ? 6. 5% p. a. for 90 days, then ? 7. 5% p. a. for 60 days, then ? 6. 2% p. a. for 45 days Value of enthronisation after 90 days 90 ? $100,000 ? 1+ ? 0. 065 = $101,602. 70 ? ? 365 ? Financial Math Support Materials Page 19 of 85 Value of investment after 90 + 60 daysValue of investment after 90 + 60 + 45 days Value after 195 days = $103,641. 60 Annualised return = Financial Math Support Materials Page 20 of 85 APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE INTEREST ? TREASURY NOTES ? BILLS OF EXCHANGE ? PROMISSO RY NOTES WHEN CREATED (ISSUED) WHEN TRADED LATER We covering these applications in greater detail in a later topic. Financial Math Support Materials Page 21 of 85 (3) COMPOUND INTEREST THE fundamental IDEA ? PRINCIPAL GENERATES INTEREST ? RE-INVEST INTEREST TO GENERATE STILL MORE INTEREST ? RE-INVEST AGAIN TO GENERATE EVEN MORE INTEREST . . .etc Financial Math Support Materials Page 22 of 85 COMPOUND INTERESTSuppose we invest $100 000 at 10% p. a. with interest payable annually. What annual cash flows result from this investment? $100,000 Invested at 10% Compound Interest $800,000 Amount $700,000 $600,000 $500,000 $400,000 $300,000 $200,000 $100,000 $0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time in years Financial Math Support Materials Page 23 of 85 A LGEBRAICALLY ? ? ? ? ? ? Balance at end of year ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Balance after ? ? ? ? ? n FV = Financial Math Support Materials Balance at start of year ? ? ? ? ? ? (1? i) years is PV(1 + i) n Page 24 of 85 G ENERALISI NG Suppose we invest $100 000 at 10% p. a. with nterest payable annually. What is the future value of this investment after 4 years? FV = $ Financial Math Support Materials Page 25 of 85 T HE POWER OF COMPOUNDING WITH COMPOUND INTEREST, SMALL SUMS NOW BECOME LARGE SUMS LATER (a) $1000 AT 13% pa FOR 50 classS FV = $ (b) $1000 AT 14% pa FOR 50 YEARS FV = $ Financial Math Support Materials Page 26 of 85 PRESENT VALUE REARRANGING THE COMPOUND INTEREST FORMULA PV ? FV n (1 ? i) COMPOUNDING NOW SHOWS THAT LARGE SUMS TO BE PAID LATER ARE WORTH ONLY SMALL SUMS NOW What is the present value of $1 million to be paid in 100 years time if the interest rate is 15% pa?Financial Math Support Materials Page 27 of 85 PRESENT VALUE (Question 5 from 2001 2nd semester final exam) Tran Van Ng is to receive from his parents $1,000, $1,500 and $2,500 in 1 year, 2 years and 3 years respectively if he passes all subjects in his university degree individually year. (a) What is the present value of thes e cash flows assuming a discount rate of 9% over the three years? (b) What is the present value of this these cash flows assuming a discount rate of 9% in the first year, 8% in the second year and 6% in the third year? Financial Math Support Materials Page 28 of 85 Present Value (a) PV ? $1, 000 ?1. 09 ? 1 ? $1,500 ?1. 9 ? 2 ? $2,500 ?1. 09 ? 3 ? $4,110. 41 (b) The value today of $2,500 received in 3 years time? 0 1 2 3 $2,500 Financial Math Support Materials Page 29 of 85 measuring Average increment identifys COMPOUND INTEREST IS A SPECIAL CASE OF COMPOUND GROWTH WHERE THE GROWTH RATE IS THE SAME EACH PERIOD IN COMPOUND GROWTH GENERALLY, THE GROWTH RATE MAY CHANGE EACH PERIOD IN PRACTICE, GROWTH RATES CHANGE FROM YEAR TO YEAR. WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO CALCULATE THE FUTURE VALUE AND PRESENT WHERE VALUE RATES THROUGHOUT OF OF THE AN INVESTMENT RETURN LIFE CHANGE OF THE INVESTMENT. Financial Math Support Materials Page 30 of 85 Measuring Average Growth RatesSUPPOSE YOU INITIALLY INVES T $1,000 IN AN ASSET WHOSE VALUE CHANGED YEAR BY YEAR, AS FOLLOWS YEAR GROWTH RATE %pa 1 2 3 4 5 35 15 9 What is the future value of this investment? What is the average annual appendage rate of this investment? After 4 years, the value of the asset is Financial Math Support Materials Page 31 of 85 Measuring Average Growth Rates second-rate ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (g) NOTE THAT THE ANSWER IS NOT Financial Math Support Materials Page 32 of 85 Average Growth Rate Suppose we invest $1million in an asset whose value changes as follows, year 1 crop rate 20% 2 -8% 3 -15% 4 3% What is the future value of this nvestment? What is the average annual growth rate of this investment? Financial Math Support Materials Page 33 of 85 Average Growth Rate The average annual growth rate is Financial Math Support Materials Page 34 of 85 Average Growth Rate (Question 6(a),(b) from 2001 2nd semester final exam) House prices in Melbourne bring forth soared in the past four years. The median price of a hou se in Clayton at the end of each(prenominal) year is as follows 1997 $122,000 1998 $135,000 1999 $147,000 2000 $185,000 (a) What is the annual combining growth rate for housing prices calculated at the end of each year, that is 1998, 1999 and 2000? b) What is the average annual compound growth rate for housing prices over this period? Financial Math Support Materials Page 35 of 85 Average Growth Rate (a) 1998 1999 2000 (b) ?1 ? r ? ? 3 Financial Math Support Materials Page 36 of 85 Calculating Average Growth rate continued g = average growth rate The average rate of growth per period over n time periods is n ? ? ? Value at end Value at set out ? 1 + g ? = ? 1 + ? ? Value at beginning ? ? ? ? Solving for g, 1 ? Value at end Value at beginning ? n g = ? 1 + ? -1 Value at beginning ? ? 1 $185,000 $122,000 ? 3 ? g = ? 1 + ? -1 $122,000 ? ? 1 ?3 ? g = ? 1. 16793 ? ? ? 1 = 0. 148869 g = 14. 89% Financial Math Support Materials Page 37 of 85 Real (after Inflation) Interest In flation reduces the purchasing power of money. We require a methodology to adjust rates of return for the impact of inflation. TODAY 1 box of biscuits costs $2. 00 I have $200 I can consume 100 boxes of biscuits IN ONE YEAR Inflation rate (10%) 1 box costs $2. 20 To consume the same quantity of biscuits I will require To have a real return of, say, 4% pa, I need to be able to purchase 104 boxes. Financial Math Support Materials Page 38 of 85 Real (after Inflation) Interest Real increase in consumption of 4%Financial Math Support Materials Page 39 of 85 Real (after Inflation) Interest FORMULA (1 + q) = (1 + r)(1 + p) where q is the quoted interest rate r is the real interest rate p is the inflation rate A lender quotes an interest rate of 18% pa for an investment. If the inflation rate is currently at 4% pa, what is the real interest rate earned by the investor ? Rearranging Financial Math Support Materials (1 + q) = (1 + r)(1 + p) Page 40 of 85 EFFECTIVE and nominated (QUOTED) In terest Rates A BANK LENDS $1,000 AND QUOTES AN INTEREST RATE OF (a) 12% pa, payable quarterly (that is, 3% each quarter) (b) 12% pa, payable semi-annually that is, 6% each half year) (c) 12% pa, payable annually (that is, 12% at the end of the year) How much interest does the bank earn at the end of one year under each of these three scenarios? Financial Math Support Materials Page 41 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates ? interest rate of 12% pa, payable quarterly REPAYMENTS $30 $30 1 2 $30 3 $30 4 Quarter The value at the end of the year of the interest payment in the The bank has effectively earned Financial Math Support Materials Page 42 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates ? INTEREST RATE OF 12% pa, PAYABLE SEMI ANNUALLY REPAYMENTS $60 1 $60 2 Half YearThe value at the end of the year of the interest payment in the The bank has effectively earned Financial Math Support Materials Page 43 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates ? INTERE ST RATE OF 12% pa, PAYABLE ANNUALLY REPAYMENTS $120 1 YEAR The value at the end of the year of the interest payment is $120 The bank has effectively earned Financial Math Support Materials Page 44 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates So a quoted (Nominal) interest rate of, 12% pa payable = 12. 55% payable annually. quarterly 12% pa payable = 12. 36% payable annually semi annually 12% pa payable = 12. 00% payable annually nnually To compare interest rate quotations (the nominal interest rate) we refer to an effective interest rate, that is, the interest rate that we would receive if interest were paid once at the end of the year. In the above example Nominal (Quoted Rate) 12% pa payable quarterly 12% pa payable semi annually 12% pa payable annually Financial Math Support Materials Effective Rate 12. 55% pa 12. 36% pa 12. 00% pa Page 45 of 85 conventionality Development If the nominal rate is j percent pa, compounding m times pa, Then after one year the principal, P, becomes m j? ? S = P ? 1 + ? m? ? (C1) The effective annual interest rate, i, is therefore = S-P S = -1 P P (C2) Replacing S in (C2) with equation (C1) produces j? ? P ? 1 + ? m? ? i= P m -1 m j? ? i = ? 1 + ? m? ? Financial Math Support Materials ?1 (C3) Page 46 of 85 Effective and Nominal Interest Rates (a) NOMINAL TO EFFECTIVE If the nominal rate is 15% p. a. payable monthly, then the effective rate is (b) EFFECTIVE TO NOMINAL If the effective rate is 15% pa then the nominal pa, with monthly payments, is Financial Math Support Materials Page 47 of 85 Effective and Nominal Interest Rates (Question from 2002 mid semester exam) Abdul Hafahed purchases a car for $5,000 and sells it four months later for $6,000. a) What nominal annual rate of return did Abdul receive? (b) What effective annual rate of return did Abdul receive? (c) If inflation is at 2% pa, what real annual effective rate of return did Abdul receive? Show your calculations. Financial Math Support Materials Page 48 of 85 Effective and Nominal Interest Rates (a) Four month return Annual nominal return = (b) Effective rate (c) Real annual effective rate (1 + q) = (1 + r)(1 + p) Financial Math Support Materials Page 49 of 85 Compound Interest Formula j? ? FV = PV ? 1 + ? m? ? n Where FV = future value PV = principal (present value) j = interest rate per annum as a percentage = mT = total number of periods over which investment is held m = number of interest payments per annum Solving for other terms by rearranging variables PV = FV j? ? 1+ ? ? m? ? n 1 ? ? ? FV ? n ? j = ? 1? m PV ? ? ? Microsoft Excel functions Future value FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) Present value PV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) Financial Math Support Materials Page 50 of 85 CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING Nominal interest rate We know j? ? FV ? PV ? 1 ? ? ? m? mT Number of years Number of compounding periods per year What if compounding takes place at every moment, that is ? m ? ? ? . It can be shown that as ? m ? ? then m j? ? j ?1 ? ? ? e lim ? m ? m where e is the base of natural logarithms (e ? 2. 71828) The Future value formula then reduces to FV ? PVe jT or, FV ? jT PV ? jT ? FVe e Financial Math Support Materials Page 51 of 85 COMPOUNDING FREQUENCY $1,000 invested for 1 year at 12% Compounding frequency Payment at end of year Annual Semi-Annual Quarterly Monthly Daily perpetually ? As the compounding frequency increases for a given nominal interest rate, the higher the interest repayments. However the interest repayment reaches a maximum with continuous compounding. Financial Math Support Materials Page 52 of 85Continuously Compounded kick ins Nominal interest rate Recall FV ? PVe apply the notation and r where r ? jT . pt ? 1 ? PV pt ? FV pt ? pt ? 1e then Number of years rt pt e? pt ? 1 rt and rearranging we have ? pt ? ln? e ? ? ln? ?p ? ? ? t ? 1 ? rt and ? pt ? ? rt ? ln ? ?p ? ? ? t ? 1 ? rt is the endlessly compounding return from time period t-1 to t. Financial Math Support Materials Page 53 of 85 Continuously Compounded Returns pt Note the term pt ? 1 is referred as the determine Relative. It is the proportional price change from time t-1 to t. The logarithm of the price relative is the interminably compounding return.Continuously compounding returns are often easier to work with. Two important properties (1) Continuously compounding returns over a period can be added up to give a total continuously compounding return. (2) The average continuously compounding return over a period is the arithmetic average of each individual continuously compounding return. Financial Math Support Materials Page 54 of 85 Continuously Compounded Returns A stock price has a closing price of $3. 00, $3. 25 and $2. 90 over 3 days. What is the continuously compounding return on each day? What is the total and average continuously compounding return? Time 0 1 Price 3. 00 . 25 2 Return 2. 90 Total return from time 0 to 2 = Financial Math Support Materials Page 55 of 85 Continuously Compounded Returns An investor is given a choice of (a) investing at 16. 5% p. a. , (b) investing at 4% per quarter, for 1 year (c) investing at 16. 3% p. a. and compounded daily. (d) 16. 3% p. a. continuously compounding. Which investment is chosen? Financial Math Support Materials Page 56 of 85 Calculate the effective rate in each case. (a) 16. 5% pa (b) (c) (d) Financial Math Support Materials Page 57 of 85 (4) MUTIPLE CASH FLOWS cash Flow Stream Future Value 0 1 2 3 $200 3. 5 $450 4 5 6 $800 1 2 3 If interest rate 9%pa = $1,712. 50 1 $ 2 $ 3 $ Stream Future Value Financial Math Support Materials Page 58 of 85 Cash Flow Stream Present Value 0 1 2 3 $200 3. 5 $450 4 5 6 $800 1 2 3 If interest rate = 9%pa 1 2 3 Stream Present Value = $ Financial Math Support Materials Page 59 of 85 Net Present Value NPV The present value of the following stream of cash flows, using a discount rate of 7. 5%, is 0 Cash flows 1 2 3 $880 $560 $420 4 $980 PVs =$ Suppose it cost the investor $2,000 to purchase this stream of cash flows, the net present value of this stream is NPV = -$2,000 + $ =$ outflow Investment projects where NPV ? 0 are viable.Financial Math Support Materials Page 60 of 85 Internal Rate of Return IRR One period YEAR $ 0 -1000 1 +1120 Dollar return = $ Equivalently, solve for r What value of r will produce an NPV = 0 ? PV of $1,120 Using discount Rate of r for 1 period Financial Math Support Materials No discounting required since $1,000 occurs now Page 61 of 85 Internal Rate of Return IRR Two periods YEAR $ 0 -1000 1 +1120 2 + 25 Clearly, IRR 12% pa but IRR 14. 5% pa Why? Because this would be the rate of return if the additional $25 was received in year 1. That is, Thus 12% IRR 14. 5% But where in this range is the IRR ?

Wonder of Modern Scince

apple pie and baseball. Here is more about the culture of USA. American People The American partnership is a blend of native Americans as well as a large number of immigrants from various countries analogous Ireland, Germany, Poland, Italy, Latin America, Asia and Africa. Having gone through a phase of racial discrimination, the linked States of America today recognizes four races in the country Native American, African-American, Asian and European American. Religions in America The majority of United States includes Protestant Christians.The percentage of Catholics is slightly less than the Protestants. In addition to this, USA being a secular state, a number of people have as well as adopted other religions like Judaism, Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism. American Arts In the early years American art and literature took most of its ideas and influences from European artists. During the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth centuries, American paintings primarily include d landscapes and portraits in a realistic style. The industrial revolution was responsible for new influences thereafter.American literature is as well as known for development of popular literary genres such as hardboiled crime fiction. As far as dance is concerned, USA has its share of dance varieties like the trademark Lindy Hop and its derivative Rock and Roll. There is also the modern square dance and the modern dance. In addition to this, there is a wide influence of several African-American dances. Languages in America United States of America does not have an official national language as such. that the majority of American population speaks English.Owing to the large number of immigrants from Spain, Spanish is the second-most common language in America. In addition to this, some other languages that exist owe to the immigrants are German, Polish, Italian and Greek. American Clothing In general terms, American clothing is diverse and predominantly informal. One of the most popular pieces of clothing that originated in America was the Blue jeans, which were touted as work clothes in the 1850s by an immigrant merchant called Levi Strauss.American Cuisine Like every other cultural element, the American cuisine too has a strong European influence. The commonly used ingredients in American cooking are subject to change as you move from one division to the other. Some of the popular preparations in the American cuisine are the American pie, banana split, brownies, corn dogs, crab cakes, hamburgers, clam chowder, lobster, hotdogs, New-York style cheesecake and the Italian-influenced pizza.American Festivals In addition to the handed-down Christmas, Good Friday and New Year celebrations, Americans also celebrate various other festivals like Hanukkah, Thanksgiving, Easter, Halloween, St. Patricks Day, Mardi Gras, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kipper. You can also read more about Native American Culture and American Pop Culture. Read more at Buzzle http//www. buzzle . com/articles/different-cultures-of-the-world. html

Part Seven Chapter 3

The coffins lay side by side on biers at the front of the church. A bronze chrysanthemum oar lay on Krystals, and a snow-white chrysanthemum teddy bear on Robbies.Kay Bawden remembered Robbies bedroom, with its few grimy plastic toys, and her fingers trembled on the order of service. Naturally, there was to be an inquiry at work, because the local paper was clamour for wiz, and had written a front-page piece suggesting that the small boy had been left in the care of a pair of junkies and that his death could fox been avoided, if only he had been aloof to safety by negligent social workers. Mattie had been signed off with stress again, and Kays handling of the case review was being assessed. Kay windered what effect it would have on her chances of acquire an different job in London, when both local authority was cutting numbers of social workers, and how Gaia would react if they had to stay in Pagford she had not dared contend it with her yet.Andrew glanced side focuss at Ga ia and they exchanged small smiles. Up in Hilltop House, Ruth was already sorting liaisons for the move. Andrew could prescribe that his mother hoped, in her perennially optimistic way, that by sacrificing their house and the beauty of the hills, they would be rewarded with a rebirth. Wedded for ever to an idea of Simon that took no account of his rages or his crookedness, she was hoping that these would be left behindhand, comparable boxes forgotten in the move that at least, Andrew thought, he would be one step close toer London when they went, and he had Gaias assurance that she had been too wino to know what she was doing with Fats, and perhaps she might invite him and Sukhvinder back to her house for coffee afterwards the funeral was over Gaia, who had never been intimate St Michaels before, was half listening to the vicars sing-song delivery, letting her look travel over the high starry ceiling and the jewel-coloured windows. There was a prettiness ab stunned Pagfor d that, now she knew that she was leaving, she thought she might quite miss Tessa groyne had chosen to sit behind everyone else, on her profess. This brought her directly under the calm gaze of St Michael, whose foot rested eternally on that writhing devil with its horns and tail. Tessa had been in tears ever since her first glimpse of the two glossy coffins and, as much as she tried to stifle them, her soft gurglings were still audible to those near her. She had half expected somebody on the Weedon side of the church to recognize her as Fats mother and attack her, save nothing had happened.(Her family life had turned inside out. Colin was furious with her.You told him what?He wanted a taste of real life, she had sobbed, he wanted to regulate the seamy underside dont you understand what all that slumming it was about?So you told him that he might be the result of incest, and that I tried to kill myself because he came into the family?Years of trying to reconcile them, and it ha d taken a dead child, and Colins indistinct understanding of guilt, to do it. She had heard the two of them talking in Fats attic room the previous evening, and paused to eavesdrop at the foot of the stairs. you can put that that thing that Mum suggested out of your head completely, Colin was saying gruffly. Youve got no physical or mental abnormalities, have you? Well then dont worry about it any more. But your counsellor will help you with all of this )Tessa gurgled and snorted into her sodden tissue, and thought how little she had done for Krystal, dead on the bathroom floor it would have been a support if St Michael had stepped vanquish from his glowing window and enacted judgement on them all, decreeing exactly how much fault was hers, for the deaths, for the broken lives, for the mess A fidgeting young Tully boy on the other side of the aisle hopped out of his pew, and a tattooed woman reached out a powerful arm, grabbed him and pulled him back. Tessas sobs were punctua ted by a little gasp of surprise. She was sure that she had recognized her own lost watch on the thick wrist.Sukhvinder, who was listening to Tessas sobs, felt sorry for her, but did not dare turn a round out. Parminder was furious with Tessa. There had been no way for Sukhvinder to explain the scars on her arms without mentioning Fats Wall. She had begged her mother not to call the Walls, but then Tessa had telephoned Parminder to tell them that Fats had taken full responsibility for The_Ghost_of_ Barry_Fairbrothers posts on the council website, and Parminder had been so blistery on the telephone that they had not spoken since.It had been such a strange thing for Fats to do, to take the blame for her post too Sukhvinder thought of it almost as an apology. He had always seemed to read her mind did he know that she had attacked her own mother? Sukhvinder windered whether she would be able to confess the truth to this new counsellor in whom her parents seemed to place so much faith, and whether she would ever be able to tell the newly kind and contrite Parminder She was trying to follow the service, but it was not dowery her in the way that she had hoped. She was glad about the chrysanthemum oar and the teddy bear, which Laurens mum had made she was glad that Gaia and Andy had come, and the girls from the rowing team, but she wished that the Fairbrother match had not refused.(Itd upset Mum, Siobhan had told Sukhvinder. See, she thinks pascal spent too much time on Krystal.Oh, say Sukhvinder, taken aback.And, said Niamh, Mum doesnt like the idea that shell have to see Krystals grave every time we visit Dads. Theyll probably be really near each other.Sukhvinder thought these objections small and mean, but it seemed sacrilegious to apply such terms to Mrs Fairbrother. The twins walked away, wrapped up in each other as they always were these days, and treating Sukhvinder with coolness for her defection to the outsider, Gaia Bawden.)Sukhvinder kept waiting for somebody to stand up and talk about who Krystal really was, and what she had done in her life, the way that Niamh and Siobhans uncle had done for Mr Fairbrother, but apart from the vicars brief reference to tragically short lives and local family with stocky roots in Pagford, he seemed determined to skirt the facts.So Sukhvinder focused her thoughts on the day that their crew had competed in the regional finals. Mr Fairbrother had driven them in the minibus to see the girls from St Annes. The canal ran right through the private schools grounds, and it had been decided that they were to change in the St Annes sports hall, and start the race there.Unsporting, course it is, Mr Fairbrother had told them on the way. Home-ground advantage. I tried to get it changed, but they wouldnt. Just dont be intimidated, all right?I ain fuck Krys I ain scared.But when they turned into the grounds, Sukhvinder was scared. Long stretches of soft green lawn, and a big rhombohedral golden-stoned buil ding with spires and a hundred windows she had never seen anything like it, except on picture postcards.Its like Buckingham Palace Lauren shrieked from the back, and Krystals mouth had formed a round O she had been as unaffected as a child sometimes.All of their parents, and Krystals great-grandmother, were waiting at the finishing line, wherever that was. Sukhvinder was sure that she was not the only one who felt small, scared and inferior as they approached the entrance of the beautiful building.A woman in academic dress came swooping out to greet Mr Fairbrother, in his tracksuit.You must(prenominal) be WinterdownCourse es not, does e look like a fuckin buildin? said Krystal loudly.They were sure that the teacher from St Annes had heard, and Mr Fairbrother turned and tried to scowl at Krystal, but they could tell that he thought it was funny, really. The whole team started to giggle, and they were still snorting and cackling when Mr Fairbrother saw them off at the entrance to the changing rooms.Stretch he shouted after them.The team from St Annes was inside with their own coach. The two sets of girls eyed each other across the benches. Sukhvinder was struck by the other teams hair. All of them wore it long, natural and shiny they could have starred in shampoo adverts. On their own team, Siobhan and Niamh had bobs, Laurens hair was short Krystal always wore hers in a tight, high pony tail, and Sukhvinders was rough, thick and unruly as a horses mane.She thought she saw two of the St Annes girls exchange whispers and smirks, and was sure of it when Krystal suddenly stood tall, glaring at them, and said, Spose your shit smells of roses, does it?I beg your pardon? said their coach.Jus askin, said Krystal sweetly, turning her back to pull off her tracksuit bottoms.The urge to giggle had been too powerful to resist the Winterdown team snorted with laughter as they changed. Krystal clowned away, and as the St Annes crew filed out she mooned them.Charming, said the last girl to leave.Thanks a lot, Krystal called after her. Ill let yer ave another look later, if yeh want. I know yehre all lezzers, she yelled, stuck in ere together with no boysHolly had laughed so much that she had doubled over and banged her head on the locker door.Fuckin watch it, Hol, Krystal had said, delighted with the effect she was having on them all. Yehll need yer ead.As they had trooped down to the canal, Sukhvinder could see why Mr Fairbrother had wanted the venue changed. There was nobody but him here to support them at the start, whereas the St Annes crew had lots of friends shrieking and applauding and jumping up and down on the spot, all with the same kind of glossy long hair.Look shouted Krystal, pointing into this group as they passed. Its Lexie Mollison Remember when I knocked yer teeth out, Lex?Sukhvinder had a painful sensation from laughing. She was glad and proud to be walking along behind Krystal, and she could tell that the others were too. Something ab out how Krystal faced the world was protecting them from the effect of the staring eyes and the hurry bunting, and the building like a palace in the background.But she could tell that even Krystal was feeling the pressure as they climbed into their boat. Krystal turned to Sukhvinder, who always sat behind her. She was holding something in her hand.Good-luck charm, she said, showing her.It was a red plastic heart on a key-ring, with a picture of her little brother in it.Ive told im Im gonna down im back a medal, said Krystal.Yeah, said Sukhvinder, with a rush of faith and fear. We will.Yeah, said Krystal, facing front again, and tucking the key-ring back inside her bra. No competition, this lot, she said loudly, so the whole crew could hear. Bunch o muff munchers. Les do emSukhvinder remembered the starting gun and the crowds cheers and her muscles screaming. She remembered her elation at their perfect rhythm, and the pleasure of their deadly seriousness after laughter. Krystal had won it for them. Krystal had taken away the home-ground advantage. Sukhvinder wished that she could be like Krystal funny and tough impossible to intimidate always coming out fighting.She had asked Terri Weedon for two things, and they had been granted, because Terri agreed with everyone, always. The medal that Krystal had won that day was around her neck for her burial. The other request came, at the very end of the service, and this time, as he announced it, the vicar sounded resigned.Good girl gone self-aggrandizing Take three Action.No clouds in my storms Let it rain, I hydroplane into fameComin down with the Dow Jones Her family half carried Terri Weedon back down the royal-blue carpet, and the congregation averted its eyes.

Compare the Ways in Which Expected Roles Were Determined

Compare the ways in which expected roles were determined by gender in Journeys kibosh and The Accrington Pals. To what extent would you agree that Accrington Pals presents a more than than than credible image than Journeys End. A large proportion of Great War literature suggests that men were socially seen as the superior gender but women were given opportunities to prove themselves in a male-dominated hostel as a by-product of struggle. This essay will equate the issues of gender identity and roles at the front line in R.C Sheriffs Journeys End and the impact state of war had on women who stayed home in Accrington, seen in Peter Whelans The Accrington Pals during 1914 and 1918. Journeys End appears to be a more credible drama because of Sheriffs first-hand exist of the war, where as The Accrington Pals depicts the more emotional side of war. R. C Sheriff uses Stan hope as an example of how war affected young, intelligent and inexperienced men and showing the populace of war. Stanhope is the stereotypical male of WW1. He is the image of authority, power and patriotism.He is also thought incredibly extremely of from the lower ranks. Hes a gigantic way the best company commander weve got. It seems as though men were in the war for a long time but the creation realness that the death rate of British officers was higher than that of the lower ranks with the average life expectancy of an officer being fourteen days. The word long therefore creates irony within the drama. From the beginning of the drama, we are enlightened of Stanhopes experience and dedication to his duty, however, Stanhope could be seen as a contradictory figure.His heavy drinking and reliance on alcohol may be a sign of weakness, which could also present Sheriffs use of realism in the drama. Stanhope is far from reluctant to admit he has a drinking problem. Without being doped with whisky- Id go mad with fright. Sherriffs own experience may have been reflected on in this dialogue as men at war used to seek comfort in things in give to avoid fright. It is apparent that this is the reason for Stanhopes excessive drinking. Seeking comfort in something seen as sinful by society is also typical of Ralph from The Accrington Pals who seeks rejoicing whilst away from his girlfriend, Eva Mason.At the beginning of the play, Ralph expresses love, affection and admiration for Eva clever woman Eh? Brains , which is why it seems disappointing when Ralph admits he has been unfaithful to her in whilst away at war, seen in the extract, Ive been a bastard to you Eva, if only you knew. Slept with whores. Ralph, being a typical representation of a working class citizen suggests that war can turn even the around honourable man to adultery in the search for comfort. It is almost as if Whelan sympathises with the fragility of men because of their previous innocence, horrific war and their apparent flaws.Through the use Stanhope and Ralph as characters the audience understand t he expectations placed on men because of their class. Stanhope, being from the high rank in the military is ultimately granted respect from the lower ranks, whilst Ralph in The Accrington Pals was from a lower class citizen and in a lower rank, thus the reason for C. S. M Rivers arrogance and leave out of respect we have ont necessity you shooting yourself in the head. C. S. M Rivers does non think Ralph is capable of the things man does in war, simply because of his class.The patriotic character of Stanhope in Journeys End compares with tom turkey Hackford from The Accrington Pals, who illustrates comradery throughout the entire drama. Despite his description in the preface being that he is a dreamy, utopian idealist young man, he does not seem typical of the average man of the war as he appears almost as a young boy, not knowing the horrific reality of what is to come. He is really dedicated to his future duty as a solider and seems excited to fight for his country, althoug h this is not in the interest of May, who describes war with thats a world you love isnt it.As an audience, we gain an insight to Toms reasons for volunteering. This is ironic because he understands that he is soon to die but he describes signing up as a way to escape from Accrington for something new free of here, of this place, of this town. Being such a socialist creature it can only be disappointing that war has limited opportunities for the male gender as many of the young men who signed themselves up such as Tom and Ralph whom had no idea of the reality of the trenches because of government censorship.Toms enthusiasm to his obligation is apparent throughout the drama, as seen in his letter he writes to May in scene two. I hope you dont mind me sharing it as we do all the parcels here Comradeship is proven as he shares his luxuries with the Pals. I hope you dont mind me sharing it. Even near to his death, Tom still concentrates on sticking with one another to get through the wa r. The ideologies of Tom cable to those of May Hassel, who is described from the outset of The Accrington Pals as a strong-minded, rugged individualist woman. The entrepreneurial spirit displayed through Mays independence and the leadership penury of the iron lady, suggest the advantages war gave women. Whilst the men are absent from Accrington, May is left focused on exploiting the chances now available, making her appear arrogant and ratty hearted. May obsesses with business ideas and opts to making currency out of the war. I never believed that war would build up a difference like this. Theres money around.The individual attitude and the drive to make money is not typical of the female gender role, therefore May does not present the regulation values the contemporary audience are expecting from a woman. The Accrington Pals suggests the more emotional side of war for women, showing the eventual downfall of May caused by the lack of male influence within war shaped society, h owever does strengthen Mays ontogenesis as an individualist. The absence of Tom seems the reason for Mays change. Her development during the play into a more conventional and sensitive women (as seen in scene four act one).The change in Mays character can be seen when she offers to make the tea. She seems more lenient and positive. In The Accrington Pals, it is arguable that May Hassal conforms to the role that is often portrayed of women in the First World War taking on the insouciant roles of men while they were away. This expectation has been shown to us through literature from the time, such as Emmeline Pankhursts autobiography which gives the proof that feminism was now a peculiarity of Edwardian existence.May suggests this as she is shown to be an individualistic, entrepreneurial tartar (seen in conversation between the Pals). In this sense, however, May is shown to be more masculine, and has seemingly swapped roles with Tom who becomes more feminine. This can be determined by the labels that May gives him, such as Dreamer. However, these gender roles are once again returned to typical trends of society by the end of the play when May becomes feminised by Toms death. This seems to be portrayed as almost chaotic, and heroic.Rivers says, But our Tom was a hero , a madcap scarecrow ripping his way out of the wire Toms death, while instilling a sense of masculinity back to Toms character role, also gives us a sense of uncommon femininity in May reverting her to the underlying fact that she is a female. throughout the drama, May is often shown to be the cold hearted, aggressive character yet Toms death leads her to act out in a more emotional, feminine way and expresses her sorrowed emotions. This is similar to Stanhope and capital of North Carolinas relationship in Journeys End.Both are emotionally connected, and have been for a long time, yet the older character, Stanhope, treats Raleigh as both an outsider and a stranger for the majority of the play, s peaking down to him and criticising him largely. Stanhope says in one instance Dyou understand an order? Give me that letter . In many ways, the relationship shared by Stanhope and Raleigh is similar to that of Tom and May the older and more experienced character doubts the abilities and maturity of the younger, more innocent individual therefore limiting the care that is expressed between them.Just as with May, Stanhope openly expresses his emotions during the death of Raleigh, showing a return to the Stanhope that was described by Raleigh earlier in the play a hero, an idol, who cared for him. Stanhope gently takes his hand. Stanhope expresses a great deal of care for Raleigh in his final moments of life and attempts to make his death as comfortable as possible. This seems to show appreciation for him as a person per-war as good as a brave solider. This is similar to how May expresses her sorrow for Toms death in The Accrington Pals.To conclude this essay, the gender of a pers on seems to garble the role they played during World War One. Men were expected to fight for their honour and country whereas women were expected to stay at home and support infants and households. severally role is an act of protection. Whether it was staying at home in Accrington, or fighting at the front in Journeys End, a place in society was inevitably determined by gender. Journeys End was written from the personal perspective of R. C. Sherriff, so is more likely to be based on his own experiences of the war.It is very likely that Sherriff witnessed the discussed gender roles and identities as part of the reality of war, adding to the credibility of the factual based play. His work seems to be heavily based on gender hegemonies apt of the Great War era giving extra depth and dimension to the truth of War. However one must not forget Peter Whelan wrote The Accrington Pals when the war was over, therefore using information and experiences from historical evidence. Although th is may be a more rounded opinion, in my opinion the real life experiences of R. C. Sherriff creates a far more credible and powerful piece of literature.

Patriarchal Societies: the Historical Evidence

Joelle Davis John Duran John Hicks Morgan Plasse Travis Rogers Eric Thomason PATRIARCHAL SOCIETIES THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE AND contemporaneous DIRECTION Feminism is the radical nonion that women atomic number 18 human bes. ? Cheris Kramarae INTRODUCTION Since the first records of mazy civilizations, priapic dominance in human culture has shape itself into global societies and has forced women into lives of subordination and inequality. Historic entirelyy, men adopt stood as the special political figures and leading, while women give been inclined to take on supportive and more(prenominal) house keep on-oriented roles.This same(p) structure of societies and g ein truth regularisenments has do its way into nformer(a) incessantlyy dwell geographic atomic number 18a, and where has attached itself since the first immigration periods (? ). So from what root did this idealism mysteriously stem? Scientific research points that in times far preceding the gestate of complex societies, Neanderthals wandered the Earth in a much different fashion. turn up derived from fossils and unc everywhereed leftovers seem (noun/verb disagreement Evidence seems) to encour come along the thought that nation lived much more of an egalitarian lifestyle 30,000 years ago.Women, quite possibly, whitethorn have helped to hunt as well as nurse children, while men at times may have stayed behind to harvest crops. Though mannishs were the primary hunters, the flexibility that may have been cast on g ender roles is polar opposite to what would develop as humans became more advanced. There is a cumulation of argument and confusion on the topic of patriarchal origins, and what may have happened amongst this time of suspected weak gender roles and the time of male dominance. Whether or not the answer will ever be clear, its (usage its or its) important to under cubicle how long it has taken for our orld to con steadred (infinitive) women to be equal. In our nation itself, in that respect was a time in which when an 18 year old boy with no political experience and little to no real gentlemans gentleman knowledge could stand next to a wise, middle aged, young-bearing(prenominal) professional and cast a vote, while she could not. This did not come to an end until 1920, approximately 3,600 years after the fundament of the first stage of societal rights in Babylonian times. As we will discuss, patriarchal systems of family and societal life led from azoic Mesopotamia to all regions of the world over thousands of years.Though present today in almost every nation, the extent of patriarchal influences have diminished (noun/verb) over time and the freedom and rights of women have become more evident. THE ORIGINS OF PATRIARCHAL SOCIETIES The first evidence of patriarchal societies lies as far back in time as the emergence of mans first complex societies just about 3,000 BC. Cities in the West Asian land of Mesopotamia, such as Ur and Uruk of the Sumer region, existed as what ar considered the oldest settlements, and were built with the first sophisticated infrastructures and governing domains.The first concepts of patriarchies essential in these cities, and became potently woven into the structure of future cultures. One of the first sets of law to govern the people of Mesopotamia was written during the era of Babylonia, which began around 2000 BC. Famously cognise as Hammurabis code, the stone-scribed document listed policies and regulations for its people to abide by. These to a great extent included the rights of women, which were undeniably much more constricted than those of men. The women of Mesopotamia had certain rights, which included the right to vitiate and move goods, own property, and work outside of the house.However, the causation of men to exist above and over them made these rights appear to be measly and minuscule. Husbands were able to sell their wives into slavery and legally commit adultery and have multiple wives. If women were to cheat on their husbands, they could be ordered to death as their punishment. Politically, men were the primary (if not, lonesome(prenominal)) figures influencing all decisions made, including the development and direction of the city-states. Judging by the example given in Hammurabis Code (if a proper noun here, then why not in the some decrys preceding this one? , it is need slight to say that that (? ) males agreeled the cities of Mesopotamia, and thus, the worlds earlier settlements. The ideas and concepts of patriarchies would grow from this age and wrap around the foundations of nearly every nightspot for millenniums to come. Please acknowledge all ideas you have borrowed from secondary sources and have paraphrased and/or summarized with parenthetical citations. PATRIARCHY IN GREECE Some of (? ) most complex societies in our early history came about from between 650 BC 100 AD along the Mediterranean sea.At the start of this time, Greek ba ll club was blooming into one of the most scarce cultural beauties, rich with visual, art, drama, mythology, and dramatic literature. In 510 BC, Athens became the site of the first democratic government, paving the way for citizen-oriented governments to come. In this democracy, all men over the age of 18 were granted the right to vote on political tell a cave ins, which is something that was extremely new in those times. The rights of the common male may have been leaning towards equality, provided women withal faced subordination to men.In fact, the lack of rights to women across Greek land were solidified (noun/verb) by law. This varied throughout the country, more extreme or less emphasized among different city-states. For instance, in Sparta women were high-pitchedly respected and able to speak for themselves, yet the land was unruffled run primarily by the male-run military. Athenian women, however, had few rights and were typically confined to their homes. Their husband s were in total control as heads of households, and lead the direction of familys daily lives.Thus, it is clearly evident that democratic Greece was still heavily influenced by patriarchal philosophies. The word patriarch refers to the male leader of a family and comes from the Greek word patriarches. (The Free Resource) End punctuation follows the parenthetical citation. Ancient Greece was an rustic bon ton in its founding. Societies that are agricultural are typically patriarchal in the context that the male in the family, whether it is father, husband, or br otherwise, made (shift in verb tense) the lynchpin cultural, religious, and financial decisions within the family and community sector (The Free Resource).Ancient Greece followed for the most part in that same context. The system of patriarchy was developed in Greece in just about the 4th and 5th vitamin C B. C. E. Shortly following its establishment, womens rights and privileges were on the rapid decline. Greek women wer e not allowed to participate in politics. According to legend, the goddess Athena won by just one pistillate vote, the right to name the city Athens. Because of this initiative by a cleaning woman, as a punishment, all future generations of women would not be allowed to participate in politics (The Free Resource).These kinds of legends and religious beliefs further suppressed and in societal terms it appeared to be justified. Some of the information in this paragraph is redundant. Consider combining this paragraph with the one preceding it. Although woman for (? ) inferior in terms of politics, they were vital and powerful in relation to artisan families and influence behind her husband. Socrates spent so much time teaching in the marketplace because of his wife Xantippes sharp tongue when he was at home. (Guisepi, Robert) If you are using MLA style, then delete the comma and first name.A woman with a strong personality behind a man that was firmly rooted in a political forum, s uch as the Senate, could have large political influence but very much in an indirect format. But in law and culture, women were held inferior. Even the activities of free women were daily put into question and were not respected highly in societal terms. The raping of a free woman, though a crime, was a lesser offense than seducing her, since seduction meant winning her affections away from her duties. (Guisepi, Robert) Even infant females were regarded in a substandard way.Families that were over burdened with children would often fix to infanticide and discard the female infants. The womans father usually arranged marriages. Divorce was legal for men but woman had to go to court and were oft unsuccessful. Adultery was common with men but woman could be divorced or ill punished if caught (Guisepi, Robert). What is the controlling idea in this paragraph? The only Greek society that was vaguely different was Sparta. Education was also extended to girls. Both sexes exercised naked .Women however (comma error) could not compete by the Olympic rules, while stark men were very successful (Cartledge, Paul). When their husbands were at war or out of the home, women pretended control and made the necessary choice that her husband would have made. Women could do with their husbands to bring their lovers into the home so they could be monitored (Cartledge, Paul). The way Sparta is portrayed in movies, as beingness very equal, is rather false. Spartan society exhibited some(prenominal) of the same classic patriarchal beliefs as the rest of Greece did.Does this sentence contradict the topic sentence? PATRIARCHY IN CHINA Patriarchal structures of society have been boastful in Chinese culture since around 1000 BC. Texts dating back 200 BC refer to men being masters of the outside world with women being masters of the home. Immediate families existed (? ) not only focused on parents and offspring, but grandparents, living relatives, and withal the spirits of descen dants. The elderly males of these families demanded respect from all orders, including their wives.Women were legally reduce to men and were usually frowned upon at birth due to the fact that they would one day just become an asset of another family after years of being raised. A common phrase from that time which stayed with chinaware until the end of the regal period was, the three subordinations and the four virtues being, a woman was to be subordinate to her father in youth, her husband in maturity, and her son in old age. (Natalie Bennett) Punctuate with commas to setoff appositivesfor example, A common phrase from that time, which stayed with China until the end of the imperial period, was . Also, is imperial period a proper noun? While generally thought of as a more western term, patriarchy has also historically been a heavy influence in Asia, particularly within China (Should we move this to the start of this subtopic? Yes Organization. ). Men in China have historically held political power, being ruled by an emperor butterfly until 1912. The title of emperor was passed from father to son in each dynasty with the empress holding very limited power. On top of this the emperor and many other upper class men had multiple wives as a symbol of their wealth while women could not have more than on (? husband. The average women were generally considered failures if they grew up without watch overing a husband or work as a slave most people in China considered a womans line of business to be a subservient wife (BBC). To make matters worse, during the Song dynasty, around 1000 AD, the custom of foot book binding quickly spread among high class families, eventually spreading all across China. Foot binding entails wrapping a young girls (possessive) feet painfully tight which prevents further growth leading to beautiful feet and causing their movements more feminine and dainty (Nancy Miles) but also causing lifelong disability.Up to 50% of women during th e ordinal century had bound feet for upper class women it was upward of 95%. Even after it was banned in 1912 many families continued to do it in fear that they may hurt their daughters (plural and possessive) chances for good marriage (Louisa Lim). This practice of foot binding even further limited the power of women in Chinese society and in turn helped fuel the patriarchy during the empire. Punctuate with a semi-colon to link independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction to connect independent clauses separated by a conjunctive adverb and in a series with internal punctuation.With a transitional signal, you tin combine these ii paragraphs. There is the more contemporary issue of the countrys one-child policy, leading to many forced sex-selective abortions (awkward). Most parents in China value a male child over a female child, believing sons have more social and economic value so when forced to choose to sustenance a child they more often keep males. This had (? ) le ad to a huge skew in the gender ratios for every 100 females there are 119 males (Graeme Russle).Post-imperial China has, thankfully, seen (dont split the verb) large improvements for womens rights. Women have made a strong push into the economic (? ) and job market, holding the highest percentageages of women employed in Asia (BBC). Although the patriarchy in China has been constantly getting smaller in the 20th and 21st century effects of it are still everywhere and change comes slowly, with people fighting for every inch they back tooth get. PATRIARCHY IN INDIA In other parts of Asia, societies dug the foundations of patriarchies far deeper than preceding civilizations.Between 1000 BC and 300 BC, the Vedic empire of East India flourished in rich culture and strong religious elements. However, the extremely strict and conservative laws of the land were particularly harsh on female citizens. The villages, which were administered by men, saw that women were kept from religious a nd social activities. Political councils were governed primarily by the head of households which were always men, and if all males of the important families died, the family was thus excluded from political activity.Families were led by the oldest male, who also claimed self-will of all family possessions. Women were often wed through arranged marriages right before puberty (to promote virginity at marriage), and were unable to remarry even if their husband (plural) passed away. In rare situations, women would perform sati, a practice in which women would cremate themselves live on their husbands (possessive and plural) funeral pyre. According to the Vedic people, the manners in which the rights of women were regulated so severely were thought to be for their own good.The idea was that if they performed them with grace and devotion, they might expect a fall in status in their next incarnation (74, Judge and Langdon I dont believe any style formats parenthetical citations in this w ay). In comparison to its existence in Mesopotamian societies, the concepts of patriarchal societies in India became more important in daily life than ever witnessed before and would remain even into the modern day. One way to combine this paragraph with the one below is to retool the topic sentence. For example, Patriarchy in India is represented in the caste system and has its roots in the Hindu religion.Since then and still to this day, the representation of patriarchy in India is the caste system. The caste system is defined as, (delete the comma) an elaborately stratified social hierarchy distinguishing Indias social structure from any other nation (1). A person is born into their his/her caste, will shun those from another caste, and never move up in the system in their lifetime. As you go down the hierarchy of the caste system, a persons pureness diminishes. Women suffered from the bias outlook that women were polluted simply because of the body functions unique to women.A void second person pronouns. This view of women automatically placed them below the men of their caste (1). Aside from the caste system, Patriarchy also has roots in the Hindu religion, which is the dominant religion in India. It is believed that aspects of the female principle must be neutralized by the male principle (3). If the female principle is not neutralized, it will result in a barbaric and destructive behavior. Also, women are believed to have a far greater and uncontrollable sexual appetite than men. It was feared that women would istract men from their religious duties, so men would have to control women in order to control their lust (3). This belief was viewed as justification for male dominance over women. Both the caste system and Hinduism laid the basis allowing Patriarchy to flourish in Indian culture. In modern Indian culture, women are gaining more independence from the traditional systems that allowed Patriarchy to function. The Constitution of India, which c ame into effect on January 26th, 1950, assured its people justice, equality, and liberty (4).In section III, under Article 15, it explicitly lists that The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them (4) Although, before modern laws were written to establish equality, women had a low status in Indian society. After getting married, the Brides (capitalization) family was expected to pay large amounts of money to the Grooms family and was then expected to live with the Grooms family. Basically, the Bride would have to buy into the family. PATRIARCHY IN THE MIDDLE EASTIn the present day mall East, governing laws have primarily been focused around Islamic religion since its foundations. This legal code, known as ShariAh, is found on moral and spiritual ideals, and prescribes the pathway to paradise (Judge and Langdon, 274). The ShariAh was completed between 7-9 CE and is still implemented in the legal systems of some Middle eastwarderly countries today. Combine these two paragraphs. Some of the concepts included in the Shariah clearly state the gender roles of men and women in early Islamic society, usually putting women in a place of subordination that is justified as being for their own protection. Men are required to treat their women with honor and respect. The insistence that women be conceal in public and spend much of their lives sequestered in their homes are designed in part to promote honor and respect for women (Judge and Langdon, 274). Additionally, men were (shift in tense) allowed to practice polygamy, as long as he treats them equally in terms of financial support, sexual intercourse, household duties, and respect (Judge and Langon, 275). What resulted from this mentality and the strict native view of the Shariah, in other words that it cannot be changed (? , was a modernizing society with old fashioned laws. As time passed, womens rights in the middle east that were originally written for womens protection began to gradually put women in a space of pure inequality. An issue of debate to this day concerns the status of women in the Middle East. There is an extensive notion that the region and its people are traditional, change is unhurried and is not welcome. In accounts and popular Western perceptions, the status of women is assumed to be universally low, which may be, in all probability, due to the centrality of Islam in the lives of the people and the rules of the earth.Many writings have focused on Middle Eastern women as victims of inflexible laws, oppressive regimes, and fundamentalist engagements. Other writings tend to move too far in an opposing trend, and in overcompensation for the negative portrayal of Middle Eastern women. They try to dispute that Islam elevates women, or that Middle Eastern women actually show vast control, or restrained influence, at to the lowest degree in their households. It is methodologically incomplete to tender Islam as the illustrative variable in strength and change.The status of women in the Middle East cannot be mum by substitute to Quran explanation, as well as not be possible for those Middle Eastern women are all persecuted, or that they are simple submissive observers of the dealings around them. The longstanding constraints on womens mobility and freedom of action have been eroded by the process of development and growth. Youll need to determine whether the Middle East is a proper noun or not, and be consistent. Please acknowledge your sources. This topic sentence suggests you are no longer discussing patriarchy in India.Patriarchal society is a social formation which has traditionally existed in varying forms throughout the world, women being dominated by the male society. In classic patriarchy, the senior man has say-so over everyone else in the family, including younger men, and women are focus to distinct forms of control and subordination. The goal of patriarchy roo ts in the household, which is also commonly linked with the reproduction of the peasantry in agrarian societies (Kandiyoti 1988). A fragment is a grammatically incomplete sentence, possessing either a subject or a predicate.Making a sentence grammatically complete means it must have a subject and predicate. The subordination of women in kinship-ordered or political societies is related to the reproduction of the family manufacturing or of the peasantry as well as to the sexual division of labor. There is a disposition to male dominance inherent in the relation between the peasant household, landlords, position, and in the imitation of ordered groups, wherein women are exchanged and men are the translators in what Gayle Rubin has called the traffic in women (Rubin 1975 use the same style throughout this paper).In a patriarchal context, women are assimilated into concepts of property. Forcing an unwanted marriage or mother to the unwanted child forced by society and religion to beco me submissive towards all men not just their husbands. PATRIARCHY IN THE UNITED STATES Use the tab key to indent all paragraphs. Long before the birth of the United States, ideas of patriarchies were carried westward with the migrations of the Amerinds (? ). This is assumed by researchers because gender roles were present in the first indigenous inhabitants of the West, even as far as Central and siemens the States.Men dominated the political systems of tribes and settlements, while women raised crops and nurtured children at home. This way of assigning designated activities for both men and women was not unlike the gender roles on the opposite side of the planet. Therefore, some studies suggest that when humans migrated to what is now the Americas around 8000-5000 BC, societies were already structured to have males as lead figures while women carried out supportive roles. The standard was set for the duration of the Native Americans rule over the North, Central, and South America , and continued until they were dominated by European settlers.A tree with deep roots stood strong and proved very difficult to uproot. It changed over the years since then in various ways and women would eventually gain more power in society, but nonetheless it still existed when the United States became a nation. See my comment above regarding acknowledging sources. European societies based themselves upon the practices of patriarchy, so it is no surprise the first immigrants from Europe took this societal system with them.When the settlers inhabited the newly established colonies, they brought their traditional attitudes concerning the roles women should possess and their status in society with them (Sage 1). Puritans organized their family around the unquestioned principle of patriarchy (Vandergriff 1). Their religion taught that family roles were part of a continuous chain of hierarchical and delegated authority descending from God (1). The parenthetical citation follows the quotation mark. The role of each family member was important to the success of the family.Although the wife was subordinate, she could participate in public life through her husband (Sage 1). If the husband became injured she had to assume his role. This even applied to casting his vote in an choice if need be (1). Without a strong and productive wife a family would struggle to survive (1). The father was always in charge in early New England. He had the right to intervene in the lives of his children, control their behavior, and even select their spouse (Vandergriff 1). Marriage was referred to as a contract between two unequal beings.The husband occupied the support role in which it was his responsibility to provide for the family and the wife was expected to be a servant to the husband. The wife was subordinate in the hierarchy of society but before God both men and women were considered equal (Vandergriff 1). Before marriage single women could represent themselves in court, ca rry out business, and even own property. Once married, however, women could only engage in business with the consent of her husband their husbands. It was believed that after marriage the legal identity of the woman became part of her husband (1).If a woman engaged in business while she was married her personal property, profits, and real estate belonged to her husband. Even if he could not be trusted with it and was not responsible, she could do nothing about it (1). Be aware of redundancies and consider how you might revise and combine this paragraph with the one above. Women were considered to be weaker than men physically, emotionally, and mentally. They were often referred to as weaker vessels. Women lacked the ability to legally vote and could not hold public office in colonial society (Sage 1).Although women had limited rights, many were still able to carry out business and do tasks not generally associated with the traditional roles of women. Labor was limited in the colonie s so many women held jobs as midwives, teachers, printers and even doctors (1). In this aspect, the colonial period exhibited a degree of egalitarianism (Vandergriff 1). Although women in colonial America could by no means be considered to have been held equal to men, they were as a rule probably as well off as women anywhere in the world, and in general probably even better off (Sage 1). Nothing in this paragraph supports the topic sentence.During the nineteenth and the twentieth century (plural), many aspects concerning the roles of women, their rights, and their impact on society changed dramatically. In the nineteenth century women began to get out of the house and go to work in great numbers, with The majority worked in the textile industry and garment shops They often worked work many hours and in terrible atmospheres (an example of sentence combining). It was not until around 1910 that states began to pass laws limiting working hours and making working conditions more toler able (Womens History in America 1).Many jobs began to require education in order to practice the profession. This tended to limit a womans ability to enter careers that were considered professional. This was reasonably common in the checkup field. The American Medical Association was started in 1846, but and women were not permitted to join this association or mens medical colleges, so they attended female schools (1). From 1890 to 1980 the percentage of total female doctors who were women went (diction) from five percent to seventeen percent. Women improved their statuses in other professions such as law and engineering as well (1).The teaching profession was a huge field of body of work for women. More than twice as many women were teachers of elementary and high school compared to men in 1980. However, two out of every three teachers of higher education were male. Even in the present day, most working women find employment in clerical, retail, and service jobs (1). Combine sim ple sentences. A womans education seemed to always be secondary to a mans. Towards the end of the 19th century the number of women attending secondary schools increased greatly due to the rise in female colleges and women being permitted to enroll in colleges with men.One-fifth of college students were women in 1870 by 1900 the proportion of women to men in college had grown to one-third (Womens History in America 1). Women obtained 19 percent of all undergraduate college degrees around the beginning of the 20th century. By 1984 the figure had sharply increased to 49 percent. Women also increased their numbers in graduate study. By the mid-1980s women were earning 49 percent of all masters degrees and about 33 percent of all doctoral degrees. In 1985 about 53 percent of all college students were women (1). Numerous laws were passed in the 1900s to bring in women and to increase equality between the sexes. In 1920, women gained the right to vote by the nineteenth amendment (proper n oun) (Imbornoni 1). Women now possessed the ability to participate in elections and influence the decisions of society. Women became part of the government during this time as well. Several women served in the House of Representatives and the Senate, starting in 1917 (Womens History in America 1). The Food and Drug presidential term approved birth control pills in 1960 (Imbornoni 1).Women now possessed more control over pregnancy. They could now choose to put off having children, while still remaining sexually active. The Equal establish Act of 1963 required equal wages for men and women doing equal work (Womens History in America 1). Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women in 1970 were paid about 45 percent less than men for the same jobs in 1988, about 32 percent less. Professional women did not get the important assignments and promotions given to their male colleagues (1). Laws could not completely halt the discrimination of women.Men have always been regarded and treated b etter than women in the United States. This is partly due to the long standing patriarchal beliefs and practices of our country. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination against women by any company with 25 or more employees (1). In 1967, executive order 11375 made discrimination based on gender illegal (Imbornoni 1). Women now could share the same opportunities for employment as white males. The Supreme Court upheld a decision stating sex-specific help wanted ads in newspapers were illegal in 1973 (1).By 1985, every state had adopted a law allowing couples to divorce by mutual consent. California was the first state to ratify the law in 1969. (1). Women could now end marriages they no longer wished to be a part of. Roe vs. Wade (1973) gave women the right to a legal abortion and overturned preceding(prenominal) anti-abortion laws (1). Women could now end a pregnancy on their own behalf without legal recourse. The twentieth century provided women with many rights, in creased their equality in society, and moved the country farther from its traditional patriarchal beliefs.Without the great strides made in these few decades, women would still occupy the same inferior place in society as they did during the previous centuries. See my suggestion above regarding sentence combining. Patriarchy continues to be part of the United States in the present day. Almost everyone participates in patriarchy whether they wish to or not. The practice has been ingrained into so many aspects of our society it has basically become a part of the individual. Our society contains traits of being dominated by males, male centered, and male identified. These males are frequently obsessed with power and control.Many males go along with patriarchy because it directly benefits them. Abolishing patriarchy would threaten their power and control (Smith 1). People in power, men in this case, want to keep it this way. historically speaking, powerful positions tend to be regarded as a mans job. Therefore, as a society we tend to expect our doctors, lawyers, government officials, CEOs, and spiritual leaders to be men as well (1). Society has in the past, and somewhat to this day, associated being a male as a quality for high take positions, and therefore has confused the position with the person in the position (1).Many make assumptions of men being more qualified than women without actually knowing the qualifications of the individual because of this practice. masculinity and masculinity are often used as a basis for comparison in society, and anything not male or masculine is considered less or abnormal. This is clearly evident according to Smith, We see the evidence of this characteristic every day in fields like medicine and law where a male lawyer, judge or doctor is just called a lawyer, judge, or doctor, but a female holding the same position is a woman lawyer, a woman judge, a woman doctor.This is because the assumption is that someone in that posit ion should be male. That is the normal way of things. When someone who is not male is in one of those positions, we olfaction the need to identify it as other (1). Women still receive less pay than a man for the same job. In 2009, President Obama signed the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, which allows victims (mostly women) of pay discrimination to file a complaint within 180 days of their last paycheck. The law was named after a Goodyear employee who was paid fifteen to forty percent less than her male counterparts (Imbornoni 1).Our society is remarkably male centered. Men are associated with power so it is normal and expected of them to be in the political spotlight. Because of this association, it is hardly noticed that the news, in general, focuses on men and stories pertaining to them (Smith 1). Men are on the covers of snips, in the news, and their stories are on television. Stories and ads are directly influenced by the gaze of men (1). Smith hits the nail on the head when he says, Block quotes of four lines or more by tabbing twice and deleting quotation labele. g. In womens magazines, we see ads that feature women who are nearly naked, advertising bras or the clothes they are almost wearing. This is not because women like to look at other women but because women are being taught that they have to look a certain way in order for men to like them. Even the articles in womens magazine are male centered as the focus on such topics as ways to please him and how to know if your man is cheating. The male gaze, and thus male centeredness, is something that we cannot get away from. (1) As time has pressed on, women now enjoy much more freedom and potential in society presently than ever before.Women now hold many high level jobs, run companies, and are eligible to pursue careers in any field. Patriarchy has diminished greatly over the years but is still evident. It will continue to exist in America if society continues to be male centered. Men wil l surely hold on to their privilege and power however they can. Patriarchy in society is essentially a power struggle between the sexes. Women gaining power equates to men losing their previous level of power in society. Perhaps one day our society will be completely egalitarian. A woman has never been elected president.Maybe society needs a woman in the highest achievable position in order to reduce the influence of patriarchy. No other event or position could influence the changing of tradition and upset the power men hold in society as much as a woman being the commander and chief. CONCLUSION For thousands of years, we have lived in a mans world. Since human civilizations emerged, men have been in charge, ruled the lands, and determined the paths of people to come. So many generations have lived by this belief in pure, conscious or subconscious patriarchal means, and now times are changing.Today, women are enjoying a higher level of freedom, and are stepping up to positions unhea rd of for women to hold a century ago. Many nations have female presidents, and women all over the world are universally striving for equality. However, change cannot occur overnight. In around a century, we have witnessed a miraculous progression of universal womens rights coming into existence, a surge of females into a broad, professional workforce, and governmental influences being carried out by female politicians. The more aware women are of patriarchal influences in society, the more can be done to advance universal equality.Equality is essential to rid the world of the belief that a woman cannot do a mans job or is less qualified because of her gender. Youve done an excellent job researching this topic. You have a good thesis and support. If you decide to revise this paper and resubmit as the final paper, then consider the following paragraph combining consistent use of MLA style throughout, including parenthetical citations and the Works Cited page and proofread carefully, as there are serious errors in this paperfor example, noun/verb disagreements and fragments. Grade B-